Durability of alkali activated slag in a marine environment: Influence of alkali ion
Main Article Content
Abstract
The durability of alkali-activated steel electric arc furnace slag (EAFS) in a marine environment was evaluated with respect to the chemical composition of the alkaline activator. Two different alkaline activators have been used: a mixture of NaOH and Na2SiO3 solutions (Na-activator), as well as a mixture of KOH and K2SiO3 solutions (K-activator). The obtained results gave the insight into the influence of alkaline activator chemistry on the compressive strength and durability of alkali-activated slag (AAS), which was exposed to the damaging seawater environment. The porosity of AAS was found to be the most important factor with regards to the strength and durability of these materials in marine environment. Sodium based alkali-activated slag (Na-AAS) displayed lower porosity and higher compressive strength compared to potassium based AAS (K-
-AAS). Lower porosity and thus a lower rate of water uptake by AAS matrix, i.e., the lower sorptivity was exhibited by the Na-AAS when compared to K-AAS. Hence, Na-AAS exhibited better durability in a marine environment.
Downloads
Metrics
Article Details
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license 4.0 that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
References
T. Sofilić, A. Mladenovič, U. Sofilić, J. Environ. Eng. Landsc. Manage. 19 (2011) 148 (http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16486897.2011.580910)
H. Motz, J. Geiseler, Waste Manag. 21 (2001) 285 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0956-053X(00)00102-1)
S. I. Abu-Eishah, A. S. El-Dieb, M. S. Bedir, Constr. Build. Mater. 34 (2012) 2496 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.02.012)
C. Pellegrino, P. Cavagnis, F. Faleschini, K. Brunelli, Cem. Concr. Compos. 37 (2013) 232 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.09.001)
C. Pellegrino, V. Gaddo, Cem. Concr. Compos. 31 (2009) 663 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.05.006)
S. Wu, Y. Xue, Q. Ye, Y. Chen, Build. Environ. 42 (2007) 2580 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.06.008)
L. Muhmood, S. Vitta, D. Venkateswaran, Cem. Concr. Res. 39 (2009) 102 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.11.002)
C. S. Gahan, M. L. Cunha, Å. Sandström, Hydrometallurgy 95 (2009) 190 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2008.05.042)
A. Drizo, C. Forget, R. P. Chapuis, Y. Comeau, Water Res. 40 (2006) 1547 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.02.001)
N. C. Okochi, D. W. McMartin, J. Hazard. Mater. 187 (2011) 250 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.01.015)
L. Ćurković, Š. Cerjan-Stefanović, A. Rastovčan-Mioč, Water Res. 35 (2001) 3436 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00037-9)
D. Križan, B. Živanović, Cem. Concr. Res. 32 (2002) 1181 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00717-7)
W. Chen, H. J. H. Brouwers, J. Mater. Sci. 42 (2007) 428 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0873-2)
A. R. Brough, A. Atkinson, Cem. Concr. Res. 32 (2002) 865 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00717-2)
P. Duxson, J. L. Provis, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 91 (2008) 386469 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2008.02787.x)
F. Puertas, M. Palacios, H. Manzano, J. S. Dolado, A. Rico, J. Rodríguez, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 31 (2011) 2043 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2011.04.036)
S. Aydin, B. Baradan, Composites, Part B 57 (2014) 166 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.10.001)
M. Ben Haha, G. Le Saout, F. Winnefeld, B. Lothenbach, Cem. Concr. Res. 41 (2011) 301 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.11.016)
K. De Weerdt, H. Justnes, Cem. Concr. Compos. 55 (2015) 215 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.09.006)
K. De Weerdt, H. Justnes, M. R. Geiker, Cem. Concr. Compos. 47 (2014) 53 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.09.015)
W. Kurdowski, Cem. Concr. Res. 34 (2004) 1555 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.03.023)
F. Puertas, R. De Gutiérrez, A. Fernandez-Jimenez, S. Delvasto, J. Maldonado, Mater. Constr. (Madrid, Spain) 52 (2002) 55 (http://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2002.v52.i267.326)
H. El-Didamony, A. A. Amer, H. Abd Ela-Ziz, Ceram. Int. 38 (2012) 3773 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2012.01.024)
C. Hall, Mag. Concr. Res. 41 (1989) 51 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/macr.1989.41.147.51)
M. Salman, Ö. Cizer, Y. Pontikes, R. Snellings, L. Vandewalle, B. Blanpain, K. Van Balen, J. Hazard. Mater. 286 (2015) 211 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhaz-mat.2014.12.046)
A. Dakhane, Z. Peng, R. Marzke, N. Neithalath, Adv. Civ. Eng. Mater. 3 (2014) 371 (http://dx.doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1520/ACEM20140005.)
J. H. Sharp, E. M. Gartner, D. E. Macphee, Adv. Cem. Res. 22 (2010) 195 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/adcr.2010.22.4.195)
P. Steins, A. Poulesquen, O. Diat, F. Frizon, Langmuir 28 (2012) 8502 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la300868v)
W. M. Kriven, J. L. Bell, M. Gordon, in Mechanical Properties and Performance of Engineering Ceramics II Ceramics Engineering Proceedings, R. Tandon, A. Wereszczak, E. Lara‐Curzio (Eds.), John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 2006, pp. 491–498
S. Y. Hong, F. P. Glasser, Cem. Concr. Res. 32 (2002) 1101 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00753-6)
I. Nikolić, A. Drinčić, D. Djurović, L. Karanović, V. V. Radmilović, V. R. Radmilović, Constr. Build. Mater. 108 (2016) 1 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.con-buildmat.2016.01.038)
Z. Aly, E. R. Vance, D. S. Perera, J. V Hanna, C. S. Griffith, J. Davis, D. Durce, J. Nucl. Mater. 378 (2008) 172 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2008.06.015).