Ecosystem carbon sustainability under different C-equivalence inputs and outputs in dry land
Main Article Content
Abstract
The efficient use of carbon is the principle goal of achieving the agricultural and environmental sustainability. Thus, study was aimed to compare the C-equivalence (Ceq) of inputs and outputs and the C index of sustainability (Is). Five cropping sequences were; fallow–wheat (FW, Triticum aestivum) (control), mungbean (Vigna radiata)–wheat (MW), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)–wheat (SW) green manure–wheat (GW) and mungbean-chickpea (Cicera rietinum, MC). Tillage systems included moldboard 14 plough (MP), deep tillage (DT) and minimum tillage (MT). The primary data collected were crop yield and the above-ground biomass. Fuel utilization in MP was 15.2 kg Ceq ha-1 with two ploughing per year, C input was 30.4 kg Ceq ha-1. In DT it was 11.6 kg Ceq ha-1. Herbicide used based input was 27.3 kg Ceq ha-1. The Ceq of outputs differed among tillage treatments, and were: 135, 112 and 80.47 kg Ceq ha-1 for MP, DT and MT, respectively. On the average of two years, the highest grain Ceq was measured under MP and under SW in winter (1040 kg Ceq ha-1). The maximum Ceq biomass was estimated in winter with MC (2867 kg Ceq ha-1). However, the highest root Ceq under MT was calculated in winter with MW (9500 kg Ceq ha-1). Under MT, the maximum Iswas obtained with MC for both years in summer (77 and 130). In winter of the second year, the highest Is was estimated for FW (82). These results showed that the efficient use of fertilizers, herbicides and farm machinery in the field under MT, with legume based cropping system, could be the best option to enhance the carbon Is in dry lands.
Downloads
Metrics
Article Details
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license 4.0 that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
References
J. M. Kimble, R. Lal, R. F. Follett, in: Assessment methods for soil carbon. Advances in Soil Science, R. Lal., J. M. Kimble, B. Follett, (Eds.), CRC press, Boca Raton, FL, 2001, p. 12
IPCC, Land use, land-use change, and forestry, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000
R. Lal, Environ. Int. 30 (2004) 981
S. K. Rose, B.A. McCarl, Choices 23 (2008) 15
M., S Upendra, W. L. Andrew, C. T. Thecan, D. J Jalal, T. L. Robert, R G.E. Orbet, L.A. Brett, Open J. Soil Sci. 2 (2008) 242
J. G. Canadell, C. Le Quéré, M. R. Raupach, C. B. Field, E. T. Buitenhuis, P. Ciais, T. J. Conway, N. P. Gillett, R. A. Houghton, G. Marland, Proc. Int. Acad. Sci. 104 (2007) 18866
D. Carrington, Global carbon dioxide in atmosphere passes milestone level. The Guardian, [online] (2013)
T. O. West, G. Marland, A. W. King, W. M. Post, A. K. Jain, K. Andrasko, Environ. Manage. 33 (2004)507
Dubey, A. R. Lal, J. Crop Improv. 23 (2009) 332
K. Paustian, J. Six, E. Elliott, H. Hunt, Biol. Geol. Chem. 48 (2000) 147
T. West, G. Marland, Environ. Pollut. 116 (2002) 439
T. Aslam, M. Choudhary, S. Saggar, Agric. Ecosys. Environ. 77 (2000) 257
S. Malhi, R. Lemke, Soil Till. Res. 96 (2007) 269
S. L. Choudrie, G. Tlethwaite, UK greenhouse gas inventory, 1990–2006. Annual report for submission under the framework convention on climate change, AEA Group, Oxfordshire, 2008
P. R. Adler, S. D. Grosso, W. J. Parton, Applied Ecol. 17 (2007) 675
S. St. Clair, J. Hillier, P. Smith, Biomass Bioenergy 32 (2008) 442
R. A. Gill, H. W. Polley, H. B. Johnson, L. J. Anderson, H. Maherali, R. B. Jackson, Nature 417 (2002) 279
S. M. T. A. Adi, Trends Agric. Ecol. 1 (2008) 14
C. Gupta, S. S. Srivastava, R. Singh, S. Chaudhari, D. Sharma, S. Singh, D. Sarkar, Soil Till. Res. 136 (2014) 76
G. Squire, S. Rodger, G. Wright, Ann. Appl. Biol. 136 (2000) 47
R. A. Robinson, W. J. Sutherland, J. Appl. Ecol. 39 (2002) 157
E. Marshall, V. Brown, N. Boatman, P. Lutman, G. Squire L. Ward, Weed Res. 43 (2003) 77
P. Newell, M. Paterson, Biomass Biol. Energy 32 (2010) 442
G. Bridge, Prog. Hum. Geogr. 35 (2011) 820
A. Bumpus, D. Liverman, Global Polit. Econ. (2010) 203
H. Lovell, D. Liverman, New Polit. Econ. 15 (2010) 255
C. Le Quéré, R. J. Andres, T. Boden, T. Conway, R. A. Houghton, J. House, The global carbon budget 1959–2011. Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss. 5.2 (2012) 1107
R. Lal, Science 304 (2007) 1623
Goverment of Pakistan, Soil Series Key and Soil Classification. Soil Survey of Pakistan, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Lahore. 1974. p. 133
N. H. Koga, Tsuruta, H. Tsuji, H. Nakanoa, Agric. Ecosys. Environ. 99 (2003) 213
D. Foster, F. Swanson, J. Aber, I. Burke, N. Brokaw, D. Tilman, A. Knapp. Biol. Sci. 53 (2003) 77
M. Bolinder, H. Janzen, E. Gregorich, D. Angers, A. B. Vanden, Agric. Ecosys. Environ. 118 (2007) 29
J. D. Williams, D. K. McCool, C. L. Reardon, C. L. Douglas, S. L. Albrecht, R. W. Rickman, J. Soil Water Conserv. 68 (2013) 349
U. R. Sangakkara, P. Stamp, A. Soldati, M. Liedgens, J. Agron. 19 (2002) 225
C. F. Lacerda, J. Cambraia, C. Mao, J. T. Prisco, M. A. Olivia, Rev. Cien. Agron. 37 (2006) 110
S. B. Ramos, J. M. Barriuso, D. L. L Pereyra, J. Domenech, F. J. M. Gutierrez, Phytopathol. 98 (2008) 451
N. Bahavar, A, Ebadi, A. Tobeh, E.S. Jamaati. Soil Res. J. Environ. Sci. 3 (2009) 332
N. E. Collins, L. J. Kimble, T. H. Williams, in: Agriculture and Energy, W. Lockeretz (Ed.), Academic Press, New York, 1976, pp. 233–236
W. Lockeretz, Soil Water Conserv. 38 (1983) 207
B. A. Stout, in: Energy use and Management in Agriculture, M. A. Breton (Ed.), North Scituate, MA, 1984
C. G. Bowers, Trans. ASAE 32 (1989) 1492
K. N. Ferreira, T. M. Iverson, K. Maghlaoui, J. Barber, S. Iwata, Science 303 (2004) 1831
Y. Kuzyakov, G. Domanski, J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 163 (2000) 421
M. R. Hoosbeek, Y. G. Li, Scarascia, E. Mugnozza, Plant Soil. 281 (2006) 247
R. P. Phillips, I. C. Meier, E. S. Bernhardt, A. S. Grandy, K. Wickings A. C. Finzi, Ecology 15 (2012) 1042.