December Armageddon: Biothermodynamic analysis of rhinoviruses based on the calculation of Gibbs energy change of antigen–receptor binding and biosynthesis of rhinovirus particles Scientific paper
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The subject of this research is a battle that is repeated every year and spreads epidemically across different territories, causing a large number of infected cases and casualties. Infections with rhinovirus are well known to the biomedical sciences. However, for a deeper understanding of the causes of rhinovirus disease and virus-host interaction (infection) it is necessary to understand them from the perspective of chemistry and biothermodynamics. This paper presents the empirical formulas, the driving forces of rhinovirus-host interactions, as well as a mechanistic model of virus-host interactions at the cell membrane and in the cytoplasm. Based on the described data, conclusions are presented about why 50 % of infections of the upper respiratory tract are caused by rhinoviruses. For the first time, the changes in Gibbs energies of biosynthesis of virus particles of rhinoviruses A2, B3 and C15, as well as change in Gibbs energy of binding of rhinovirus A2 are presented, which are needed to understand the lifecycle of rhinoviruses.
Downloads
Metrics
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license 4.0 that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Funding data
-
Ministarstvo Prosvete, Nauke i Tehnološkog Razvoja
Grant numbers 451-03-136/2025-03/200026
References
S. Riedel, J. A. Hobden, S. Miller, S. A. Morse, T. A. Mietzner, B. Detrick, T. G. Mitchell, J. A. Sakanari, P. Hotez, R. Mejia, Jawetz, Melnick and Adelberg’s Medical Microbiology, 28th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 2019 (ISBN-13: 978-1260012026)
D. Bouzid, O. Hadad, M. Bertine, N. Houhou-Fidouh, A. Mirand, X. Duval, V. Bunel, R. Borie, J. C. Lucet, D. Descamps, B. Visseaux, Int. J. Infect. Dis. 118 (2022) 144 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2022.02.055)
S. Ljubin-Sternak, T. Meštrović, Viruses 15 (2023) 825 (https://doi.org/10.3390/v15040825)
L. Andrup, K. A. Krogfelt, K. S. Hansen, A. M. Madsen, Am. J. Infect. Control 51 (2023) 938–957. (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2022.12.005)
C. Esneau, N. Bartlett, Y. A. Bochkov, in Rhinovirus infections, N. Bartlett, P. Wark, D. Knight, Eds., Academic Press, Cambridge, MA, 2019, p. 1 (https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816417-4.00001-9)
D. Gil-Cantero, C.P. Mata, L. Valiente, A. Rodríguez-Huete, A. Valbuena, R. Twarock, P. G. Stockley, M. G. Mateu, J. R. Castón, Commun. Biol. 7 (2024) 1501 (https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-024-07213-2)
M. G. Rossmann, E. Arnold, J. W. Erickson, E. A. Frankenberger, J. P. Griffith, H. J. Hecht, J. E. Johnson, G. Kamer, M. Luo, A. G. Mosser, Nature 317 (1985) 145 (https://doi.org/10.1038/317145a0)
A. R. Alsayed, A. Abed, M. J. Al Shawabkeh, R. R. Aldarawish, M. Al-Shajlawi, N. Alabbas, Pharm. Pract. (Granada) 22 (2024) 1 (https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=9414131)
S. Maitra, J. Rajak, A. Ghoshal, B. Roy, S. Ghosh, A. K. Mitra, A. Kumer, B. Dhara, Health Sci. Rep. 8 (2025) e70922 (https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.70922)
C. Esneau, N. E. Bryant, S. L. Johnston, N. W. Bartlett, CMI Commun. 2 (2025) 105081 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmicom.2025.105081)
A. C. Palmenberg, J. E. Gern, Methods Mol. Biol. 1221 (2014) 1 (https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1571-2_1)
W. Li, B. Yu, J. Zhou, Y. Wang, B. Xue, J. Pan, Y. Ran, X. Yang, X. Wang, F. Yang, H. Li, Virol. J. 18 (2021) 174 (https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-021-01645-6)
M. E. Popović, V. Tadić, M. Popović, Virology 603 (2025) 110319 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2024.110319)
M. E. Popović, M. Stevanović, V. Tadić, Virology 614 (2026) 110742 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2025.110742)
S. L. Kerr, C. Mathew, R. Ghildyal, Viruses 13 (2021) 629 (https://doi.org/10.3390/v13040629)
X. Du, Y. Li, Y.-L. Xia, S.-M. Ai, J. Liang, P. Sang, X.-L. Ji, S.-Q. Liu, Int. J. Mol. Sci. 17 (2016) 144 (https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17020144)
M. E. Popović, V. Tadić, D. Pei, Therm. Sci. (2025) (http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/TSCI250729209P)
S. S. Bappy, M. M. Haque Asim, M. M. Ahasan, A. Ahsan, S. Sultana, R. Khanam, A. Z. Shibly, Y. Kabir, Rev. Med. Virol. 34 (2024) e2505 (https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.2505)
M. Özilgen, B. Yilmaz, Int. J. Energy Res. 45 (2021) 1157 (https://doi.org/10.1002/er.5883)
B. Şimşek, M. Özilgen, F. Ş. Utku, Energy Storage 4 (2022) e298 (https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.298)
M. J. Assael, G. C. Maitland, T. Maskow, U. von Stockar, W. A. Wakeham, S. Will, Commonly Asked Questions in Thermodynamics, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2022 (https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429329524)
U. von Stockar, J. Liu, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1412 (1999) 191 (https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-2728(99)00065-1)
P. Buzón, S. Maity, P. Christodoulis, M. J. Wiertsema, S. Dunkelbarger, C. Kim, G. J. L. Wuite, A. Zlotnick, W. H. Roos, Sci. Adv. 7 (2021) eabg0811 (https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abg0811)
M.E. Popović, M. Popović, G. Šekularac, M. Pantović Pavlović, J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 89 (2024) 807 (https://doi.org/10.2298/JSC240322051P)
E. W. Sayers, J. Beck, E. E. Bolton, J. R. Brister, J. Chan, R. Connor, M. Feldgarden, A. M. Fine, K. Funk, J. Hoffman, S. Kannan, C. Kelly, W. Klimke, S. Kim, S. Lathrop, A. Marchler-Bauer, T. D. Murphy, C. O'Sullivan, E. Schmieder, Y. Skripchenko, A. Stine, F. Thibaud-Nissen, J. Wang, J. Ye, E. Zellers, V. A. Schneider, K. D. Pruitt, Nucleic Acids Res. 53 (2025) D20 (https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkae979)
UniProt Consortium, Nucleic Acids Res. 53 (2025) D609 (https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkae1010)
C. Rankl, F. Kienberger, L. Wildling, J. Wruss, H. J. Gruber, D. Blaas, P. Hinterdorfer, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105 (2008) 17778 (https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0806451105)
J. M. Casasnovas, T. A. Springer, J. Biol. Chem. 270 (1995) 13216 (https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.270.22.13216)
M. Popovic, Comput. Biol. Chem. 96 (2022) 107621 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2022.107621)
M. E. Popović, G. M. Šekularac, V. M. Tadić, M. R. Pantović Pavlović, Therm. Sci. 28 (2024) 4737-4757 (https://doi.org/10.2298/TSCI240429213P)
S. A. Patel, L. E. Erickson, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 23 (1981) 2051 (https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230910)
E. H. Battley, Thermochim. Acta 309 (1998) 17 (https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6031(97)00357-2)
E. H. Battley, Thermochim. Acta 326 (1999) 7 (https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6031(98)00584-X)
E. H, Battley, J. R. Stone, Thermochim. Acta 349 (2000) 153 (https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-6031(99)00509-2)
K. Annamalai, Systems 9 (2021) 54 (https://doi.org/10.3390/systems9030054)
M. E. Popović, M. Stevanović, M. Mihailović, J. Serb. Chem. Soc. 89 (2024) 305 (https://doi.org/10.2298/JSC240119019P)
Y. Demirel, Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics: Transport and Rate Processes in Physical, Chemical and Biological Systems, 3rd ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2014 (ISBN: 9780444595812)
R. T. Balmer, Modern Engineering Thermodynamics, Academic Press, Cambridge, MA, 2010 (https://doi.org/10.1016/C2009-0-20199-1)
K. J. Hellingwerf, J. S. Lolkema, R. Otto, O. M. Neijssel, A. H. Stouthamer, W. Harder, K. van Dam, H. V. Westerhoff, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 15 (1982) 7 (https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1982.tb00028.x)
H. V. Westerhoff, J. S. Lolkema, R. Otto, K. J. Hellingwerf, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 683 (1982) 181 (https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4173(82)90001-5).
F. Fenner, P. A. Bachmann, E. P. J. Gibbs, F. A. Murphy, M. J. Studdert, D. O. White, in Veterinary Virology, Accademic Press, 1987, p. 3 (https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-253055-5.50005-0)
M. Y. Chen, S. S. Butler, W. Chen, J. Suh, WIRE Nanomed. Nanobiotech. 11 (2019) e1545 (https://doi.org/10.1002/wnan.1545)
S. Himbert, M. Chapman, D. Deamer, M. C. Rheinstädter, Sci. Rep. 6 (2016) 31285 (https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31285)
J. Lee, K. J. Schwarz, D. S. Kim, J. S. Moore, M. C. Jewett, Nature Comm. 11 (2020) 4304 (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18001-x)
A. S. Spirin, L.P. Gavrilova, in The Ribosome. Molecular Biology Biochemistry and Biophysics, Vol. 4, Springer, Berlin, 1969 (https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-88446-7_8)
R. F. Garmann, A. M. Goldfain, V. N. Manoharan, PNAS 116 (2019) 22485 (https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1909223116)
R. D. Cadena-Nava, M. Comas-Garcia, R. F. Garmann, A. L. Rao, C. M. Knobler, W. M. Gelbart, J. Virol. 86 (2012) 3318 (https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.06566-11)
U. Von Stockar, in Biothermodynamics: The Role of Thermodynamics in Biochemical Engineering, U. von Stockar, Ed., EPFL Press, Lausanne, 2013, p. 399 (https://doi.org/10.1201/b15428)
M. Ozilgen, E. Sorguven Oner, Biothermodynamics: Principles and Applications, 1st ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2016 (https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315374147)
М. Popovic, Heliyon 5 (2019) e01950 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01950)
WHO, WHO COVID-19 dashboard – Summary [Online] World Health Organization, 2026, (https://data.who.int/dashboards/covid19/summary?n=c) (Accessed on March 25, 2026)
Next Strain Genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 with subsampling focused globally over the past 6 months [Online], 2026 (https://nextstrain.org/ncov/open/global/6m) (Accessed on March 25, 2026).